🔹 Ionic Theory
Ionic compounds dissociate into charged particles (ions) when dissolved in water or melted.
This process is called ionization.
🔹 Electrolysis
The decomposition of a compound by passing electricity through its molten form or solution.
🔹 Electrolytes
Substances that conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state and decompose.
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Strong | Fully ionize | NaCl, acids, alkalis |
| Weak | Partially ionize | CH₃COOH, NH₃ |
| Non | Do not ionize | Sugar, alcohol, oil |
🔹 Important Terms
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Anode | Positive electrode (oxidation) |
| Cathode | Negative electrode (reduction) |
| Cation | Positive ion → cathode |
| Anion | Negative ion → anode |
| Electrolytic cell | Container with electrodes & electrolyte |
🔹 Factors That Control Discharge of Ions
Position in electrochemical series
Concentration of ions
Nature of electrodes
🔹 Products of Electrolysis
| Electrolyte | Cathode | Anode |
|---|---|---|
| Acidified water | Hydrogen (H₂) | Oxygen (O₂) |
| Brine (NaCl) | Hydrogen (H₂) | Chlorine (Cl₂) |
| CuSO₄ solution | Copper (Cu) | Oxygen (O₂) |
🔹 Uses of Electrolysis
Extraction of metals (Na, Al, Mg)
Purification of copper
Electroplating
Production of H₂, Cl₂, NaOH
🧠 Important Quick Tip
The ion that is discharged depends on electrochemical series, concentration and electrode used.
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