What is Matter: -
Mater is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
Mater is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
Mass refers to the amount of substance present, while space occupied by matter is known as volume.
Examples of Matter
- Air inside a balloon
- Sand on a beach
- A wooden table
All these substances have mass and occupy space, therefore they are matter.
Composition of matter: - matter consist of any one of the following particles.
1. Atoms.
2. Molecules. Or
3. Ions
1. An Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
2. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that exist alone and still possess the properties of the substance. E.g H2O, O
3. An Ion is a charged particle; it is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons. E.g Na+, Cl-
Radicals are group of atoms with a single charge. E.g NO-, SO42-, OH-
Matter generally is made up of any one or more of the particles mentioned above.
States of matter
matter can exist in three states.
i. the solid
ii. the liquid and
iii. the gaseous state.
SOLID: - In solids the particles of matter are densely packed and are held by strong forces of attraction (force of cohesion).
Properties of solids
i., solids have fixed, or definite volumes
ii. solids also have fixed shapes.
iii solids cannot be compressed
LIQUIDS: -In liquids the molecules (particles) are close together in an orderly manner with little freedom of movement. Molecules in a liquid are close together but are not held so tightly in position and so can move past one another.
Properties of Liquids
i. a liquid no fixed or definite shape but it takes the shape of its container,
ii. liquids have a fixed or definite volume
iii. liquids cannot be compressed.
GAS: - In a gas, the particles/molecules are separated by distances that are large compared with the size of the molecules.
Properties of gases
i. gasses have no fixed or definite volume (but occupy entire volume of its container)
ii. gases have no fixed shape.
iii. gases can be compressed
Gases differ from liquids and solids in the distances between their individual particles.
Gases (particles of gases are wide apart)
The three states of matter can be inter-convertible without changing the composition of the substance. When we heat a solid it will change into a liquid form at a particular temperature.
The temperature at which this change occurs is called the melting point of the solid. If the heating continues it will convert the liquid into a gas at a particular temperature called the boiling point of the liquid.
Cooling a gas on the other hand, will cause it to change into a liquid, this process is called Condensation. When the liquid is cooled further, it will change into the solid form, and the process is known as Freezing.
Some solids change directly to the gaseous without passing through the liquid state and vice Versal. These processes are both known Sublimation and Deposition.
Changes in the state of Matter
Matter can change from one state to another when heat energy is added or removed.
Changes in the State of Matter
| Change | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Melting | Solid → Liquid | Ice turning to water |
| Freezing | Liquid → Solid | Water forming ice |
| Evaporation | Liquid → Gas | Water forming vapor |
| Condensation | Gas → Liquid | Steam forming water droplets |
| Sublimation | Solid → Gas directly | Camphor or naphthalene |
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
The properties of matter can be grouped into two
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical properties
1. Physical properties:- those properties that a substance (matter) shows by itself (i.e those properties that you see when you look at, touch or smell the substance) these include Temperature, Pressure, Colour, Smell, Density, Solubility, Melting and boiling points.
ii. Chemical properties on the other hand are those properties that matter exhibits when it comes in contact with other substances like acids, bases, even water to form new substances.
Physical and Chemical change
A physical change is a change that is easily reversible and in which no new substance is formed.
example of physical changes is.
9i. Dissolving sodium chloride in water
ii. Changing water to ice
iii. Evaporation of liquids
iv. Melting of candle wax
A chemical change is one which is not easily reversible and in which a new substance is always formed.
example of changes is.
i. burning of wood, paper, or clothe.
ii. rusting of iron when exposed to air and moisture.
iii. decomposition of organic matter.
iv. dissolving a metal like calcium or magnesium in dilute acids.
v. the hardening of cement when exposed to air.
Objectives Questions
- Matter is anything that has ______ and occupies space.
- The space occupied by matter is called ______.
- The smallest particles that make up matter are called ______.
- The state of matter with definite shape and volume is ______.
- The process by which a liquid changes to gas is called ______.
- Matter is anything that:
- A. Has colour only
- B. Has mass and occupies space
- C. Can dissolve in water
D. Is visible to the eye
1. Which of the following is a physical change
a). Dissolving sugar on water
b). Addition of acid to base
c). Burñing of wood
d). Rusting of iron
2. Which of the following is not an example of matter? A. Water
B. Air
C. Heat
D. Iron
3. The three common states of matter are:
A. Solid, liquid and gas
B. Solid, vapour and plasma
C. Liquid, gas and steam
D. Ice, water and vapour
4. Which state of matter has a definite shape and a definite volume?
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Solid
D. Plasma
5. Which state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape? A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Vapour
6. Which state of matter has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume? A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Ice
7. The particles in a solid are: A. Far apart and move freely
B. Closely packed and vibrate about fixed positions
C. Randomly arranged with large spaces
D. Completely stationary
8. Diffusion occurs fastest in:
A. Solids
B. Liquids
C. Gases
D. Crystals
9. Brownian motion provides evidence that: A. Matter is colourful
B. Particles of matter are in constant motion
C. Solids are heavy
D. Liquids have fixed shapes
10. The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas is called: A. Melting
B. Evaporation
C. Condensation
D. Sublimation
11. Which of the following substances sublimes?
A. Sodium chloride
B. Iodine crystals
C. Sand
D. Calcium carbonate
12. The change of a liquid into a gas at all temperatures is known as:
A. Boiling
B. Freezing
C. Evaporation
D. Condensation
13. The conversion of a gas into a liquid is called:
A. Melting
B. Condensation
C. Sublimation
D. Freezing
14. The kinetic theory states that matter is made up of: A. Cells
B. Atoms only
C. Tiny particles in constant motion
D. Molecules
15. Which property of gases is due to the large spaces between their particles?
A. High density
B. Fixed shape
C. Compressibility
D. Hardness
16. Which of the following is an example of diffusion? A. Ice melting
B. Sugar dissolving and spreading in water
C. Water freezing
D. Boiling water
17. Heating a solid generally causes its particles to:
A. Stop moving
B. Move more slowly
C. Gain kinetic energy and move faster
D. Become smaller
18. Which state of matter has the highest kinetic energy of particles?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Ice
19. The force of attraction between particles is strongest in: A. Gases
B. Liquids
C. Solids
D. Vapours
20. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Matter cannot change from one state to another.
B. Gases have definite shapes.
C. Matter is composed of tiny particles.
D. Liquids have no volume.
Theory Questions
- Explain the particle nature of matter.
- Describe the three states of matter.
- Explain two changes of state with examples.
1(i). State two differences between the properties of solids and gasses
(ii). What process does each of X, Y and Z represent in the changes
1. Matter Has Mass
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Importance of Studying the Nature of Matter
Understanding the nature of matter helps us to:
- Understand chemical reactions
- Study properties of substances
- Explain changes of state
- Develop new materials and medicines
- Improve processes in industry and technology
It is also important in fields like medicine, environmental science, engineering, and materials science.
Conclusion
The nature of matter explains the structure, properties, and behavior of substances. Since matter is made up of tiny particles that are constantly moving and attracting each other, many natural phenomena such as diffusion, evaporation, and chemical reactions can be