WATER at a glance

 

WATER

CONTENT

·     Types, Uses and Structure of Water.

·      Laboratory Preparation of    Water.

·      Test for Water

·      Causes/ Removal of Hardness of Water.

·      Purification of Water for Municipal Supply.

 

WATER

Water is said to be a universal solvent , because it can dissolve almost all other substances.

SOURCES OF WATER

The following are the sources of water: the sources of water may be grouped into two

1.             Natural water: Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water, rivers and lakes

2.             Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne water, deionized water and chlorinated water

STRUCTURE OF WATER

Because of the repulsion between the two lone pairs of electrons in the oxygen atom the two bonding pair are pushed towards each other resulting to a V-shape or angular shape or bent shape for water.

 

                   O
                 ∕    \
               H    H

 

LABORATORY PREPARATION OF WATER 

When dry hydrogen gas is lighted in air. It burns with a faint blue flame to give steam, which condenses when it comes in contact with any cold surface to form water.

 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

1.  Water has a boiling point of  100^oC and freezes at 0^oC

2.  It has a maximum density of 1gcm^-3 at 4^oC

3.  It is neutral to litmus.

 4. It is a liquid at room temperature

 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1.     Water reacts with electropositive metals like K, Na and Ca to form alkali and liberate hydrogen gas. E.g                   Na_(s)+ H₂O_(aq) →NaOH_(aq) +  H_2(g)

  Mg & Zn react with steam to form an alkaline solution while Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, do not react with water

2.       Non-metal especially the halogens chlorine reacts with water to form acid solution

   i.   H₂O_(aq)  +  Cl_2(g) →HCl_(aq)  +  HOCl_(aq)

 ii.   H₂O_(aq)  +Br_2(g) →HBr_(aq)  +  HOBr_(aq)

    

TEST FOR WATER

When few drops of water are added to

1.    White anhydrous copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI), it turns blue.

2.     Blue cobalt (II) chloride, it turns pink.

NOTE: These two tests are not specific for water. They only indicate the presence of water. Any aqueous solution or substance containing water will give a positive test for water

 HARDNESS OF WATER

Hard water is any water that does not form lather (foam) readily with soap. 

There are two types of hardness / hard water 

I. Temporary hardness or temporary hard water

II. Permanent hardness/ permanent hard water.

I. Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of Ca(HCO3) or Mg(HCO3) in any water sample and these can be removed by boiling the water.

II. permanent hardness is caused by the presence of CaSO4 or MgSO4 or CaCl2 or MgCl2 it can not be removed by boiling

 

REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS

1.  Physical method: By boiling

                             _heat
    Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq) →     CaCO_3(s)   +   H₂O_(l)   +  CO_2(g)

2.      Chemical method: By using  calculated amount of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide solution)

              Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq) + Ca(OH)_2(aq)  →2CaCO_3(s)+ 2H₂O_(l)

3         Addition of washing soda :-

               Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq) + Na₂CO_3(aq) → CaCO_3(s)+ NaHCO_{3 (aq)}

EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS:  

Hard water causes

1.         Furring of kettles and boilers.

2.        Stalagmite and stalactites in caves.

 

Removal of permanent hardness: 

1. by physical method : Distillation 

2.By chemical method only

i.           Addition of washing soda

    Na₂CO_3(aq) + CaSO_4(aq) →CaCO_3(s) + Na₂SO_4(aq)

ii.   Addition of caustic soda

  2NaOH_(aq) +CaSO_4(aq) → Ca(OH)_2(s)+ Na₂SO_4(aq)

iii.    Ion exchange resin

       CaSO_4(aq) + Sodium zeolite →Calcium zeolite + NaSO_4(aq)
                                                                          (insoluble)

ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

i.  Hard water taste better than soft water because of the presence of ions

ii.  Calcium salts in it helps to build strong teeth and bones.

iii.  It provides CaCO₃, that crab and snail use to build their shells.

iv. It does not dissolve Lead, hence it can be supplied in lead pipes.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

1.             It causes furring of kettles and boilers.

2.             It wastes soap.

3.             It cannot be used in dying and tanning.

4.             Effects is seen in stalactites and stalagmite

 

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR MUNICIPAL/ TOWN SUPPLY

The following are the processes involved in the treatment of river water for town supply

1.    Coagulation: Chemicals like potash alum, KAl(SO₄)₂, or sodium aluminate III, NaAlO₂ is added to water in a large settling tank.

 

2.    Sedimentation: The coagulated solid particles or flocs are allowed to settle in the settling tank to form sediments at the bottom of the tank.

 

3.     Filtration: The water above the sediment still contains some suspended particles.  The water is passed through a filter bed to remove the remaining fine dirt particles.

 

4.     Chlorination (Disinfection): Chemicals like chlorine is then added to the water to kill germs. 

5. Calculated amount of iodine to prevent goiter and fluorine to prevent tooth decay are added as food supplements to prevent goiter and tooth decay respectively. 

 The treated water is then stored in a reservoir and distributed to the town.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1.  Treated town water undergoes the following steps except

 (A). coagulation    

 (B). precipitation

 (C). sedimentation

 (D). chlorination

2.   Water is temporarily hard because it contains

 A. CaSO₄              

B MgSO₄    

 C. Chlorine

 D. Ca(HCO₃)₂

3.    Temporary hardness of water is removed by the use of one of the following

A. boiling

 B. use of use of Ca(OH)₂

C. use of Na₂CO₃

D. use of alum

4. A substance that turns white anhydrous CuSO₄ blue is

A. water

B. liquid ammonia

C. hydrochloric acid

D. molten Sulphur

5.   Distilled water is different from deionized water because

 A. distilled water is a product of condensed steam while deionized water is filtered laboratory water

B. distilled water is always pure and sold in packs while deionized is not packaged for consumption

C. distilled water is condensed steam but deionized water is produced using ion-exchange resins which absorbs undesired ions.

D. distilled water is man-made while deionized water is both natural and artificial

6.

 

 

THEORY QUESTIONS

1.a i    Mention two compounds that causes permanent hardness in water

  ii.    State two ways of removing permanent hardness in water

  iii.     List two advantages of hard water

  b.(ai )    State the steps involved in the treatment of river water for town supply.

       ii. Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water.

      iii. Name two cations that causes hardness of water?

c.i. Give two methods of removal removal 

 

 

WATER

TOPIC: WATER

WATER

Water is regarded as a universal solvent, because it can dissolve almost all other substances.

SOURCES OF WATER

The following are some of  the sources of water:

1.             Natural water: - Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water

2.             Treated water: - Distilled water, Pipe-borne water and chlorinated water.

STRUCTURE OF WATER

Water with the molecular formula H₂O, has Oxygen bonded to two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom with the  following electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴  has two lone pairs of electrons in the valence  (2s²2p²) and two unpaired electrons (2p_y¹2p_z¹). Each unpaired electron forms a covalent bond with one electron from a hydrogen atom. The water molecule has two lone pairs and two bonded pairs. Ideally, the four electron pairs should be directed towards corners of a tetrahedron. However, when lone pairs of electrons are located near another lone pair, the repulsion between them is so great that they tend to push the two bond pairs of electrons closer together. As a result, the bond angle in water is compressed to approximately 105^o, making the structure of the water molecule is V-shaped or angular shape.

                                                                            O

                                                                   H              H

LABORATORY PREPARATION OF WATER 

Water can be prepared in the  laboratory when  dry hydrogen gas is ignited in air. It burns with a pale blue flame to give steam, which will condense on contact with any cold surface to form water.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

1.   Water boils at 100^oC and freezes at 0^oC

2.   It has a maximum density of 1gcm^-3 at 4^oC

3.   It is neutral to litmus.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1.  Water reacts with electropositive metals to form alkalis and liberate hydrogen gas. E.g

Na_(s) + H₂O_(aq)→ NaOH_(aq)+ H_2(g)

  Mg & Zn react with steam to also liberate hydrogen gas

 Mg_(s) + H₂O_(g) → Mg(OH)_2(s) + H_2(g)

       Cu, Au, Ag, Hg do not react with water.

2.   Non-metal like chlorine reacts with water to form acid solution.

H₂O_(aq) + Cl_2(g)→ HCl_(aq) + HOCl_(aq)

TEST FOR WATER

1. White anhydrous copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI), it turns blue and 

2. Blue cobalt (II) chloride paper  turns pink in the presence of water.

 TREATMENT OF WATER FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLY

The following are the processes of treating river water for town supply

1. Coagulation (or Floculation): Chemicals like potash alum, KAl(SO₄)₂, or sodium aluminate III, NaAlO₂ is added to water in a large settling tank. This causes the large dirt to coagulate or clog together¹¹¹¹

2. Sedimentation: The coagulated solid particles or flocs are allowed to settle in the settling tank to form sediments at the bottom of the tank.

3. Filtration: The water above the sediment still contains some suspended particles.  The water is passed through a filter bed of layers of sand to remove the remaining fine dirt particles.

4.  Chlorination (Disinfection): Chlorine is then added to the water to kill germs.

 Iodine and fluorine are also added as food supplements to prevent goiter and tooth decay respectively. 

 The treated water is then stored in a reservoir and distributed to the town.

HARDNESS OF WATER 

water may be grouped into hard water and soft water.

HARD WATER:- Hard water is any water that does not form lather (foam) easily in water. 

We have two types of Hardness 

 I. Temporary hardness and 

II. Permanent hardness 

I. Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of Ca(HCO3)2 or Mg(HCO3)2 

REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY

 HARDNESS

1.  Physical method: By boiling

Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq) → CaCO_3(s) + H₂O_(l) + CO_2(g)

2.  Chemical method: By using of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide solution)

                   Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq) + Ca(OH)_2(aq) →2CaCO_3(s)  + 2H₂O_(l)

3 Addition of washing soda :-

Ca(HCO₃)_2(aq)  +  Na₂CO_3(aq) → CaCO_3(s)  +  2NaHCO_{3 (aq)8}

EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS:  It causes

1. Furring of kettles and boilers.

2. Stalagmites and stalactites in caves.

PERMANENT HARDNESS

Permanent hardness  is caused by the presence of Ca2+ or  Ma2+ ions in the form of soluble tetraoxosulphate (VI) and chlorides (i.e. CaSO₄, MgSO₄, MgCl₂, CaCl₂)

Removal of permanent hardness: 

1. Physical method: by distillation.

⁰By chemical method only

1. Addition of washing soda          Na₂CO_3(aq) + CaSO_4(aq) → CaCO_3(s) + Na₂SO_4(aq)

2.  Addition of caustic soda

  2NaOH_(aq)+ CaSO_4(aq) → Ca(OH)_2(s)+  Na₂SO_4(aq)

3. Ion exchange resin

  CaSO_4(aq) + Sodium zeolite →Calcium zeolite + NaSO_4(aq)

           (insoluble)

ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

i.   It taste better than soft water because of the presence of ions

ii. Provides calcium for the development of bones and teeth of animals

iii.  It provides CaCO₃, that crab and snail use to build their shells.

iv. Reduce heart disease

v.  It does not dissolve lead, hence, it can be supplied in lead pipes. (it is less likely to cause corrosion in pipes.

DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

i. It causes furring of kettles and boilers.

ii.  It wastes soap.

iii. It cannot be used in dying and tanning.

iv. Effects is seen in stalactites and stalagmite

v. It cause dry itchy skin

   

Objective questions 

1. Treated town water undergoes the following steps except 

(A). coagulation 

(B). precipitation 

(C). sedimentation 

(D). chlorination

 

2.  Water is temporarily hard because it contains 

(A). CaSO₄

(B). MgSO₄

(C). Chlorine 

(D). Ca(HCO₃)₂

 

3. Temporary hardness of water is removed by the use of one of the following 

(A). boiling

 (B). use of use of Ca(OH)₂  

(C). use of Na₂CO₃ 

(D). use of alum

 

4. A substance that turns white anhydrous CuSO₄ blue is

 (A). water 

(B) liquid ammonia 

(C). hydrochloric acid 

(D). molten sulphur

 

5. Distilled water is different from deionized water because 

(A). distilled water is a product of condensed steam while deionized water is filtered laboratory water 

(B). distilled water is always pure and sold in packs while deionized is not packaged for consumption 

(C). distilled water is condensed steam, but deionized water is produced using ion-exchange resins which absorbs undesired ions. 

(D). distilled water is man-made while deionized water is both natural and artificial

6. When a sample of water was boiled, it lathered more readily with soap. it can be concluded that the sample most likely contained 

(a). magnesium and tetraoxosulphate (VI) 

(b). suspended solids 

(c). organic impurities 

(d). calcium hydrogentetraoxocarbonate (IV)

7.  What are the gases associated with the formation of acid rain? 

(a). CO₂ and HCl 

(a)  CO₂ and NO

(c). SO₂ and NO 

(d). which of the following processes will pollute water? 

(a) Exposure of a body of water to ultraviolet rays

(b) Discharge of industrial effluents into waterways

(c). Passage of river water through a sand bed 

(d). Addition of measured quantity of chlorine                                                    

SECTION B

1.     State the steps involved in the treatment of river water for town supply ?

2.     Give two ions that causes hardness of water?

3.      Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water?

4.      Mention two compounds that causes permanent hardness in water ?

5.      State two ways of removing permanent hardness in water?

6.       List two advantages of hard water and two disadvantages of hard water?