LAWS AND PRINCIPLES
Aufbau principle: - when building up atoms one proton is added at a time to the nucleus and one electron around it to obtain the ground state electron configuration of the element.
AVOGADRO’S LAW: - States that equal volume of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules
BOYLE’S LAW: - States that the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant.
Mathematically Vἀ1/P T= constant
CHARLES LAW: - States that the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to it temperature provided the pressure remains constant.
Mathematically V ἀ T P=constant
COLLISION THEORY: - This theory assumes that for a chemical reaction to occur, there must be effective collision between reactants particles
COULOUMB’S LAW: - state stat the electrostatic force associated with two charges A and B is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY: - States that
I. All element is made up of small indivisible particles called atoms
II. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed during the cause of a chemical reaction to
III. Atoms of a particular element are exactly alike in all respect but are different from atoms of other elements.
IV. When atoms combine together, they do so in simple whole number ratio to one another
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE: - of partial pressure; states the in a mixture of gases that do not react chemically together, the total pressure exerted by the gas is the sum of the individual gases that make up the mixture.
PTOTAL =P1 +P2+P3+.......+Pn
FARADAY’S FIRST LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS: - States that the mass of an element deposited or liberated at an electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passing through the electrolyte.
Mathematically m ἀ Q
FARADAY’S SECOND LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS: - states that if the same quantity of electricity is passed through solutions of different electrolyte the number of moles of each element discharged is inversely proportional to the charge on the ion
GAY –LUSSACS LAW of combining volume: - state that when gases combine, they do so in volumes which are in simple ratio to one another and to the volume of the product if gaseous provided temperature and pressure remain constant.
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION: - States that the rate of diffuse on of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its vapour density provided temperature and pressure remains constant.
HESS’S LAW OF CONSTANT HEAT OF SUMMATION: - This law states that the total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is constant regardless of the route by which the chemical change occurs, provided that the conditions at the start of a reaction are the same as the final conditions
HUND’S RULE of maximum multiplicity: - state that when electrons fill degenerate orbitals they go in singly first before pairing occurs.
LE’CHATERLIER’S PRINCIPLE: - states that if an external constraint (such as a change in temperature, pressure or concentration) is imposed on a system in equilibrium the equilibrium will shift so as to cancel /annul the effect of the change.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: - State that mater can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.
LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION: - States that all pure samples of a given chemical compound contain the same element combined in the same proportion by mass.
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION: -See law of constant composition
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS: - States that if two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, the various masses of A that combines with a fixed mass of B are in simple ratio with one another
MARKOVNIKOFF'S RULE: - states that when a hydrogen halide is adding to an already substituted alkene, the hydrogen atom from the halide will attach itself to the Carbon atom with the highest number of hydrogen atoms.
PAULI’S EXCLUSSION PRINCIPLE: - This principles states that 'No two electrons in the same orbital of an atom should have the same set of four quantum numbers'.
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